CHAPTER 11:INFORMATION SYSTEM

Definition of: information system 

A business application of the computer. It is made up of the database, application programs and manual and machine procedures. It also encompasses the computer systems that do the processing.

Processing the Data

The database stores the subjects of the business (master files) and its activities (transaction files). The application programs provide the data entry, updating, query and report processing.

The Procedures

The manual procedures document how data are obtained for input and how the system's output is distributed. Machine procedures instruct the computer how to perform scheduled activities, in which the output of one program is automatically fed into another.

Transaction Processing

The daily work is the online, interactive processing of the business transactions and updating of customer, inventory and vendor files (master files).

Batch Processing

At the end of the day or other period, programs print reports and update files that were not updated on a daily basis. Periodically, files must be updated for routine maintenance such as adding and deleting employees and making changes to product descriptions.See transaction processing.




Types of Information System

Categories of Information System	Characteristices
Transaction Processing System	Substitutes computer-based processing for manual procedures. Deals with well-structured processes. Includes record keeping applications.
Management information system	Provides input to be used in the managerial decision process. Deals with supporting well structured decision situations. Typical information requirements can be anticipated.
Decision support system	Provides information to managers who must make judgements about particular situations. Supports decision-makers in situations that are not well structured.

CHAPTER 10 PRIVACY & SECURITY

PRIVACY

Privacy is a concerns the collection and use of data about individuals. So, here is the three primary privacy issues to know:

1. Accuracy 

It is related to the responsibility of those who collect data to ensure that the data is correct.

2. Property

It is relates to who owns data and rights to software.

3.Access

It is relates to the responsibility of those who have data to control and who is able to use that data.

SPYWARE

Spyware is similar to a Trojan horse in that users unwittingly install the product when they install something else. A common way to become a victim of spyware is to download certain peer-to-peer file swapping products that are available today.

Aside from the questions of ethics and privacy, spyware steals from the user by using the computer's memory resources and also by eating bandwidth as it sends information back to the spyware's home base via the user's Internet connection. Because spyware is using memory and system resources, the applications running in the background can lead to system crashes or general system instability.

Because spyware exists as independent executable programs, they have the ability to monitor keystrokes, scan files on the hard drive, snoop other applications, such as chat programs or word processors, install other spyware programs, read cookies, change the default home page on the Web browser, consistently relaying this information back to the spyware author who will either use it for advertising/marketing purposes or sell the information to another party.

Licensing agreements that accompany software downloads sometimes warn the user that a spyware program will be installed along with the requested software, but the licensing agreements may not always be read completely because the notice of a spyware installation is often couched in obtuse, hard-to-read legal disclaimers.

      

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Internet History

CHAPTER 9:COMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKS

Connectivity

Connectivity is the unbiased transport of packets between two end points. This is also the essential definition of "IP" (Internet Protocol). There is a strong boundary between the IP layer and the applications built upon it. TCP, for example, is an application protocol. In the term "TCP/IP" the slash emphasizes the separation of the two.

Communication systems

E-mail

Instant Messaging

Internet telephone

Electronic commerce

Wireless revolution

Means in simple terms the replacement of wires used for communication , by wireless environment.For instance Local area network (LAN) has been replaced by WLAN ( Wireless LAN ) , similarly fixed line telephones have been replaced by Mobile hand sets including satellite handsets.

Networks

A network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are many types of computer networks, including:

local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building).

wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.

campus-area networks (CANs): The computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a campus or military base.

metropolitan-area networks MANs): A data network designed for a town or city.

home-area networks (HANs): A network contained within a user's home that connects a person's digital devices

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CHAPTER 8: STORAGE

Storage is frequently used to mean the devices and data connected to the computer through input/output operations - that is, hard disk and tape systems and other forms of storage that don't include computer memory and other in-computer storage. For the enterprise, the options for this kind of storage are of much greater variety and expense than that related to memory.

In a more formal usage, storage has been divided into: 

----->(1) primary storage, which holds data in memory (sometimes called random access         

             memory or RAM) and other "built-in" devices such as the processor's L1 cache, 

----->(2) Secondary storage,which holds data on hard disks,tapes, and other devices requiring 

            input/output operations.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STORAGE

• All secondary storage is permanent
• Most Primary Storage is temporary.
• Secondary storage is usualy cheaper and large
• Primary Storage is expensive and smaller.
• Secondary Storage is bigger in capacity
• Primary storage is smaller in capacity (L2 Cashe is only 2MB)
• Seconday storage connects to the CPU via cables and therefore is slower
• Primary storage is closer to the CPU and/or is intergrated onto it and thererfore is faster