CHAPTER 7 : INPUT AND OUTPUT

Introduction

Competent and users need to know about the most commonly used input devices, including keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras, voice recognition, and audio-input devices. Additionally, they need to know about the most commonly used output devices, including monitors, printers and audio-output devices.

Input

Input devices are hardware used to translate words, sounds, images and actions that people understand into a form that the system unit can process. For example, when using a word processor , you typically use a keyboard to enter text and mouse to issue commonds. In addition to Keyboard and mice, there are wide variety of others input devices. These include pointing scanning image capturing and audio-input devices.

Keyboard Entry

Most keyboards use an arrangement og keys given the name OWERTY. This name reflects the keyboard layout by taking the letters of the first six alphabetic characters found on the top row of keys displaying letters.

keyboard

PDA keyboards

Keyboards Features

Ergonomic keyboard

Keyboards

There are wide variety of diffrent keyboard designs.

1.  Traditional Keyboards - Full sized,regid , rectangular keyboards that include function, navigational and numberic.

2.  Ergonomic Keyboards - Similar traditional keyboards. However is not rectangular and a palm rest is provided.

3.  Wireless Keyboards - Transmit input to the system unit through the air. It's flexibility.

4.  PDA Keyboards -  Miniature keyboards for PDAs and smart phones to send email, create documents and more.

5.  Virtual Keyboards - Display an image of a keyboard on a touch screen .

CHAPTER 6: THE SYSTEM UNIT

Introduction


Some microcomputers more powerful than others. It in three words speed, capacity and flexibility.


System Unit 


It's also know as the system chassis is a container that houses most of the electronic components that make up a computer system.There are a variety of diffrent categories or types of system units.


Categories
There are six basic types for microcomputers.


1.  Desktop system units
     typically contain the system's electronic components and selected secondary storage devices. Input and
     output devices, such as mouse,keyboard and monitor, are located outside the system unit.


2.  Media center system units
     blur the line between dekstop computers and dedicated entertainment devices. Media center system units
     use powerful dekstop system hardware with specialized graphic card for interfacing with televisions and
     others.


3.  Notebook system units
     are portable and much smalle.These system units contain the electronic components, selected secondary
     storage devices, and input devices (keyboard and pointing devices). Located outside the system units, the
     monitor is attached by hinges. Notebook system units called laptops.


4.  Netbook system units
     are similar to notebook syetem units.They are smaller less powerful and less expensive. Netbook are
     designed to support on-the-go Web browsing and email accsess.


5.  Tablet PC system units
     are similar to notebook system units. Tablet PCs are highly portable devices that support the use of a
     stylus or pen to input. The are 2 basic types, one is effectively a notebook computer. Others type has a


6.  Handheld computer system units
     are the smallest and are designed to fit into the palm of one hand. These systems contain an entire
     computer system, including the electronic components, secondary storage and input and out the most
     widely use handheld compuetrs.

Dekstop

Media Center

Notebook

Netbook

Handheld

Tablet PC

Basic Types Of  System units






Components
While the actual size may vary each type of system unit has teh same basic system components including system board, microprosessor and memory .

System units component

Microprocessor

Memory

Electronic Data and Instructions
Our voices create analog, or continuous, signals that vary to represent differenttones, pitches and volume.


Numeric Representation
The decimal system that we are all fimiliar with has 10 digits of only two digits- 0 and 1.

System Board

chip

chip mounte onto a carrier package

The system board is also know as the motherboard. The system board controls communications for the entire computer system. Every component of the system unit connects to the system.

• Sockets provide a connection point for small specialized electronic parts called chips. Chips consist of tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of sandlike material called silicon.
• Slots provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit board.These cards provide expansion capability for a computer system.
• Conecting lines called bus lines provide pathways that support communication among the various electronic components that are either located on the system board.

MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor Chips processing capacities are often expressed in word sizes.


Specialty Processors 
In addition to microprocessor chips, a variety of more specialized processing chips have been developed.

• Coprocessors are  specialty chips designed to improve specific computing operations.
• Smart cards are plastic cards the size of a regular credit card that have an embedded specialty chip.
• RFID tags are specialty chips embedded in merchandise to track their location. 

MEMORY
Memory is a holding area for data, instructions and information. Like microprocessors,memory is contained on chips connected to the system board. There are three well-known types of memory chips:random-access memory(RAM) read only memory(ROM) and flash memory.


RAM
Random-access memory (RAM) chips hold the program(sequence of instructions) and data CPU is presently processing.

RAM

ROM

Read-only memory (ROM) chips have information stored in them by the manufacturer. ROM chips typically contain special instruction .

FLASH MEMORY

Flash memory offers a combination of the features of RAM and ROM.

Expansion Slots and Cards

Most microcomputers allow user to expand their systems by providing expansion slots on the system board.

• Advanced graphics cards
• Sound cards
• Modem cards
• Network interface cards (NIC)

CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Do you know the diffrerences between SYSTEM SOFTWARE and APPLICATION SOFTWARE??

-  1) a system software runs the system where an application system runs over the system software.
   2) a system software are programs that run & control the hardware units of the system & an application software doesn't.
  3) system programs are written using dll, exe files for windows & rpm files for linux etc, where application software are developed on the basis these files or by using different language files. 
  4) u can't create applications using system software but application software are specially made to create applications for users.

- In easier language, your car have some controls like stearing, accelerator, break etc. To drive a car you have to know about only these controlls. But the car is not directly controlled by breaks, accelerator and stearing. These all controls are connected with engine and other machines. And these machines controls the car. Working of these machines are not known by all the persons who drive the car. It is known by mechanics.
We can say that stearing, break, accelerator are Application and engine and machines are the systems.

Similarly, the Application Software is a software that APPLIES to the real life application. For example: Microsoft Word is used to create documents similar to you create manually on paper. Accounting Softwares those are used for accounting which is simallarly done manually on Account Book.

Thus, Application Software are easier to be understood by normal users because they directly deals with the normal real life applications.

But the System Softwares are the softwares which deals with the system or hardware. For example: Disk Management Tools which are used to partition or format the disk.

System Softwares are recommended to be used only by Advanced users who are having advance knowledge of the computer system.




THE 4 TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE PROGRAM


- operating systems
  The operating system (OS) acts as a host for application programs that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware. This relieves application programs from having to manage these details and makes it easier to write applications. Almost all computers, including hand-held computers, desktop computers,supercomputer, and even modern video game consoles, use an operating system of some type.

• function:to interprate the commands executed by the user, to handle disk input/output settings,  loaded in the memory at bootup and remain in the memory at all time, to provid the OS with the machanism in order to see the additional memory, used to access the high memory area, it allows the rest of the OS and its programs to interact directry with the system hardware, it sets particular values corresponding to the windows environment, used to run particular programs during startup.
• features: booting, Features in common with application software: Icons,Pointers, Windows, Menus, Dialog boxes, Help.

• categories:-Embedded operating systems – hand-held, Network operating systems – linked computers, Stand-alone operating systems – desktop
• types of operating systems:

        - windows s a series of software operating system and graphical user interface produced by microsoft.there many version of windows. windows 7 is the most recent version for windows.there are many advantages when use windows 7 such as 7 is faster than Vista, and in most cases, faster than XP, 7 has a lot of new and very nice features that aren't in other versions, 7 looks nice, is designed for touchscreen interaction (everything is larger by default), 7 is fully compatible with Vista (uses the same kernel), 7 has compatibility mode with XP SP3 & Vista SP2, 7 is not easily upgraded from XP, it's the same process as XP to Vista.

        - Mac OS is the world’s most advanced operating system. Built on a rock-solid UNIX foundation and designed to be simple and intuitive, it’s what makes the Mac innovative, highly secure, compatible, and easy to use. Quite simply, there is nothing else like it.its perfect integration of hardware and software,Elegant interface and stunning graphics,Highly secure by design and Built for compatibility.

       - UNIX and Linux 

         Linux is an operating system kernel, and UNIX is a certification for operating systems. The UNIX standard evolved from the original Unix system developed at Bell Labs. After Unix System V, it ceased to be developed as a single operating system, and was instead developed by various competing companies, such as Solaris (from Sun Microsystems), AIX (from IBM), HP-UX (from Hewlett-Packard), and IRIX (from Silicon Graphics). UNIX is a specification for baseline interoperability between these systems, even though there are many major architectural differences between them. Linux has never been certified as being a version of UNIX, so it is described as being "Unix-like."

      - virtualization  is a combination of software and hardware engineering that creates Virtual Machines (VMs) an abstraction of the computer hardware that allows a single machine to act as if it where many machines.

• Without VMs: A single OS owns all hardware resources
• With VMs: Multiple OSes, each running its own virtual machine, share hardware resources
• Virtualization enables multiple operating systems to run on the same physical platform

- UTILITIES make computing easier. there 2 types of utilities, windows utilities and utility suites.

- DEVICE DRIVER is a program that controls a particular type of device that is attached to your computer. There are device drivers for printers, displays, CD-ROM readers, diskette drives, and so on.

HOW TO CREATE TWITTER ACCOUNT

Twitter is a website, owned and operated by Twitter Inc., which offers a social networking and microblogging service, enabling its users to send and read messages called tweets.


Since its creation in March 2006, and its launch in July 2006, by Jack Dorsey, Twitter has gained popularity worldwide and is estimated to have 190 million users, generating 65 million tweets a day and handling over 800,000 search queries per day. It is sometimes described as the "SMS of the Internet".


We will teach you how to create twitter account.


1) Visit http://www.twitter.com


2) Click the Sign up now button


3) Follow the on-screen instructions to create an account.


The user name you select for your new account will be used to create a custom blog address where your posts can be viewed by others.

CHAPTER : 3 BASIC APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application Software

Application software is the software that you install onto your Operating System. It consists of the programs that actually let you do things with your computer. These Applications are written to run under the various Operating Systems. These include things like your word processing programs, spread sheets, email clients, web browser, games, etc. Many programs, such as most of the Microsoft Office suite of programs, are written in both Mac and Windows versions, but you still have to have the right version for your OS. The Applications are the Software that actually allows the user to do something with the Computer. Without the applications, all you can do is change settings and navigate among the folders. 

Difference Between Application Software and System Software.

The software are divided into two main categories i.e system software and application software. System software includes all the programs and softwares designed by the manufacturers to run the system. A computer system can't run without the installation of system software in the computer. System software includes operating system, windows, DOS etc. Application software in contrast to system software are user written applications and user defined programs for example Microsoft power point, word, excel, games, note pad and other applications. The functions and instruction are written by the user in the case of application software whereas instructions are pre-coded by the manufacturers in the case of system software. Both of them are integral parts of computer system.

Word Processors

A word processor, or word processing program, does exactly what the name implies. It processes words. It also processes paragraphs, pages, and entire papers. Some examples of word processing programs include Microsoft Word, WordPerfect (Windows only), AppleWorks (Mac only), and OpenOffice.org.

The first word processors were basically computerized typewriters, which did little more than place characters on a screen, which could then be printed by a printer. Modern word processing programs, however, include features to customize the style of the text, change the page formatting, and may be able to add headers, footers, and page numbers to each page. Some may also include a "Word Count" option, which counts the words and characters within a document.

While all these features can be useful and fun to play with, the most significant improvement over the typewriter is the word processor's ability to make changes to a document after it has been written. By using the mouse, you can click anywhere within the text of a document and add or remove content. Since reprinting a paper is much easier than retyping it, word processing programs have make revising text documents a much more efficient process.

The term "text editor" can also be used to refer to a word processing program. However, it is more commonly used to describe basic word processing programs with limited features.

Spreadsheets

A spreadsheet is a document that stores data in a grid of horizontal rows and vertical columns. Rows are typically labeled using numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.), while columns are labeled with letters (A, B, C, etc). Individual row/column locations, such as C3 or B12, are referred to as cells. Each cell can each store a unique instance of data. By entering data into a spreadsheet, information can be stored in a more structured way than using plain text.The row/column structure also allows the data to be analyzed using formulas and calculations.

For example, each row of a spreadsheet may store information about a person who has an account with a certain company. Each column may store a different aspect of the person's information, such as the first name, last name, address, phone number, favorite food, etc. The spreadsheet program can analyze this data by counting the number of people who live in a certain zip code, listing all the people who's favorite food is fried veal, or performing other calcuations. In this way, a spreadsheet is similar to a database.

However, spreadsheets are more streamlined than databases and are especially useful for processing numbers. This is why spreadsheets are commonly used in scientific and financial applications. For example, a spreadsheet may store bank account data, including balance and interest information. A column that stores the account balances of several clients can easily be summed to produce the total value of all the clients' balances. These amounts can be multiplied by the interest rate from another cell to see what the value of the accounts will be in a year. Once the formula has been created, modifying the value of just the interest rate cell will also change the projected value of all the accounts.

The most commonly used spreadsheet application is Microsoft Excel, but several other spreadsheet programs are available including IBM Lotus 1-2-3 for Windows and AppleWorks and Numbers for Mac OS X.

Database Management System

Stands for "Database Management System." In short, a DBMS is a database program. Technically speaking, it is a software system that uses a standard method of cataloging, retrieving, and running queries on data. The DBMS manages incoming data, organizes it, and provides ways for the data to be modified or extracted by users or other programs.

Presentation Graphics

Presentation graphics are programs that combine a variety of visual objects to create attractive, visually interesting presentation. They are excellent tools to communicate a message and to persuade people. People in variety of setting and situations use presentation graphics programs to make their presentations more interesting and professional. For example, salesperson use these programs to demonstrate products and encourage customers to make purchases. The most popular presentation graphic programs are Microsoft PowerPoint, Corel Presentation and Apple Keynote. 

Integrated Packages

An integrated package is a single program that provides the functionality of a word processor, spreadsheet, database manager and so on. The primary advantages are cost and simplicity. The cost of an integrated package is much less than the cost of individual powerful. The disadvantage of an integrated package is that capabilities of each function are not as extensive as in the individual program. Integrated packages are popular with many home users and are sometimes classified as personal or home software.

Software Suites

Software suites are groups of related programs that interact nearly seamlessly with each other to make certain tasks easier among different programs. The popularity of software suites has only increased in recent years as people have turned more to computing for tasks that used to done without the aid of newer technology. However, as with most types of software, the true value of the programs is in their usage. Not everyone will need a software suite.

The main benefit of software suites is in the integration of some data sets between the programs. While most software will be able to cut and paste different sets of data fairly easily, software suites take it a step further. Often, the data will retain any other information, such as formatting and any other embedded information. While it may not be guaranteed to carry over, it will in most cases. This may be harder to accomplish, if not impossible, among completely non-related programs.

Chapter 4: Specialized Application Software

     INTRODUCTION

            Information systems depend on software resources to help end users use computer hardware to transform data resources into a variety of information products. Software is needed to accomplish the input, processing, output, storage and control activities of information systems. Application software consists of programs that direct computers to perform specific information processing activities for end users. These programs are called application packages because they direct the processing required for a particular use or application that end users want accomplished. 

Thousands of application packages are available because there are thousands of different jobs end users want computer to do. The use of personal computers has multiplied the growth of such programs. These applications include graphics programs, audio and video editing software, multimedia, web authoring and artificial intelligence all these are called specialized application software.  

Nowadays, technology is very important to people, organization, also profession job. So for those is in specific profession, such as accountant and researcher or editor. They need some technology to help them to accomplish their job. So, within some system software like specialized application software it does can be easier to end users to complete their work. Also specialized applications can make it possible to perform advanced tasks at home and home users can create web sites, work with graphic images and create music or art. 

1. Desktop Publishing

GRAPHICS
SPECIALIZED APPLICATIONS

  Desktop publishing used to create documents for desktop or commercial printing. Desktop publishing is the process of using the computer to produce documents such as newsletters, brochures, books, and other publications that were once created manually using a variety of non-computer techniques. Nowadays desktop publishing software does it all. The popular desktop publishing programs include Adobe InDesign, Microsoft Publisher and QuarkXPress

Adobe In Design

QuarkXPress

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Image Editors

Image editing includes the processes of altering images, whether they are digital photographs, traditional analog photographs, or illustrations. Graphic software programs can be dividing into vector graphics editors, raster graphics editors, and 3d modelers. The most common types of graphic files is bitmap. A bitmap is one of many types of file formats for images stored in a computerized form. Popular programs for image editors are Microsoft Paint, Adobe Photoshop and Corel Photo Paint.

Adobe Photoshop

Corel Paint Shop Pro

     

 3. Illustration Programs

Vector graphics use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes to represent images in computer graphics. Vector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics. Vector images also known as vector illustration. Illustration programs are used to create and edit vector images. The popular programs are Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, Macromedia FreeHand and Micrografx Designer.

Adobe Illustration

 4. Image Galleries

Image galleries are libraries of electronic image. The image gallery is a great way to give visitors one-click access to several graphical images. It’s ideal for presenting photo-albums, product photo-galleries, image portfolios and more. There are two types of electronic images in this gallery.

                    I.      Stock photograph – photographs on a variety of subject material from people to   landscapes.

                 II.      Clip art – graphic illustration that present a wide range of topic. Many applications provide access to a limited selection of free clip art.

Graphics Suites

A graphics suite is a software suite for graphics work that is distributed together. This program is able to interact with each other on a higher level than the operating system would normally allow. Advantage of this software is that you can buy a variety of graphic programs at lower cost. The popular graphics suites are CorelDRAW Graphic Suite and Adobe Creative Suite.

   AUDIO AND VIDEO

   Video Editing Software

Video editing software is application software which handles the editing of video sequences on a computer. This software allows you to reorganize, add effects and more about digital video footage. Two commonly used video editing software programs are Apple iMovie and Windows Movie Maker.

   Audio editing Software

This software is a type of computer program that allows a user to access, edit, save, and otherwise manipulate audio files. It is because this program useful when dealing with multiple audio clips that needs to be combined. Audio recording professions and amateur computer users like to use this software. Some commonly used audio editing software programs are Apple GarageBand and Sony ACID.

    MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia presentation software is known for incorporating sound, animation effects and cinematic-like special effects into presentation because in multimedia presentation it will be include video, music, video graphics and text. It is a tool that computer users of varying industries and backgrounds use to dynamically present information to an audience. It differs from standard presentation software in its features and its interactivity potential.